Olomouc is a historic city in the eastern Czech Republic, located in the Moravian region. Its well-preserved old town centers around the Lower Square (Dolní náměstí) and the Upper Square (Horní náměstí). The city’s origins trace back to the 10th century as a fortified settlement and later became the capital of Moravia. By the 11th century, Olomouc had become the seat of the Bishopric, marked by the consecration of St. Wenceslas Church, which later became the Olouc Cathedral in 1777 when the diocese was elevated to an archbishopric.

The Lower Square

The Upper Square with the Holy Trinity Column

The Baroque Julius Caesar’s Fountain located in the Upper Square

The Heracles and Hydra Fountain located in the Upper Square

The votive columns

St. Wenceslas Cathedral

Olomouc flourished during the 14th and 15th centuries, despite the challenges of the Hussite Wars. Its strategic location on trade routes fostered commerce, creating a thriving market that attracted merchants. This wealth, along with the influence of the ruling elite, led to the construction of significant architectural landmarks. In the late Middle Ages, Olomouc emerged as well as a cultural and educational center, with the Jesuit College, which later became the University of Olomouc. The Thirty Years’ War saw Olomouc occupied by the Swedish army from 1642 to 1650, significantly impacting the city. Later on, the Baroque era brought reconstruction and the creation of landmarks, such as the Holy Trinity Column, built between 1716 and 1754 in response to a plague. Many of Olomouc’s churches, including the Gothic Cathedral of Saint Wenceslas, underwent various architectural transformations and feature opulent Baroque designs.

The old Town Hall located in the Upper Square

St. Michael’s Church

John Sarkander Chapel

The city’s development was significantly influenced by the financial contributions and political influence of the Liechtenstein and Dietrichstein families. The House of Liechtenstein, one of Europe’s oldest noble families, funded numerous architectural projects in Olomouc to demonstrate their power and piety. The Dietrichstein family, originating from Austria, also played a pivotal role in the city’s development. Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein, the most notable family member, served as the Bishop of Olomouc from 1599 to 1636. His tenure was marked by vigorous Counter-Reformation efforts, including the establishment of Jesuit institutions in the city and the construction of Baroque religious edifices, such as the Church of St. Michael.

Beginnings of Christendom in Central Europe