This post shares my impressions from visiting the Holy Spirit Church in Vilnius – an example of Baroque sacral architecture and one of the most important Orthodox churches in Lithuania. With photos and reflections, I explore its layered history and its interior.

The Holy Spirit Church of Vilnius | Vilniaus Šv. Dvasios bažnyčia | Kościół Świętego Ducha w Wilnie | Церковь Святого Духа в Вильнюсе

Normally, on this blog, I tend to showcase various Catholic or Protestant churches. However, during a few of my recent travels, I had the opportunity to visit several Orthodox churches — and, on some occasions, even take photographs inside. Sometimes photography was prohibited, but if you refrained from using flash and took respectful pictures rather than selfies, there was often a quiet acceptance that allowed visitors to capture a few images.

Today, I would like to share a glimpse of an Orthodox church that you would hardly notice from the street, though it is not particularly difficult to find. It is the Church of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius. If you enter the Old Town through the Gate of Dawn (the one above which the Chapel of Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn is located), walk a short distance straight ahead, pass another church on your right-hand side, and a few step further you will see a gateway. This leads into a courtyard or garden area, where the Church of the Holy Spirit is situated.

THE INTERIOR

Although this church is not lavishly decorated compared to grand Orthodox cathedrals, it possesses a quiet and distinctive charm. The interior is modest yet captivating, dominated by a vibrant three-tiered wooden iconostasis richly adorned with carvings and gilded details, characteristic of the Baroque style. The main altar stands out with its deep green and gold tones, which immediately draw the visitor’s eye. In the centre of the sanctuary, there is a display case containing the relics of the Martyrs of Vilnius — Saints John, Anthony, and Eustathius. The relics are draped in a liturgical vestment and placed under an elegant wooden canopy, richly decorated with carved ornaments and small hanging incense burners. This arrangement enhances the sacred and intimate ambiance of the space. The walls are lined with traditional Orthodox icons, including one particularly striking image depicting two female saints (likely St. Barbara and St. Catherine). Despite its simplicity, the Church of the Holy Spirit leaves a powerful impression as you can see on the photos.

The Church of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius takes its name from the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Holy Trinity in Christian theology, symbolising divine presence and inspiration. The original church on this site was a wooden structure built in 1638. After a fire in the 18th century destroyed the building, the current stone church was constructed between 1749 and 1753 under the supervision of architect Johann Christoph Glaubitz.

The Holy Spirit Church of Vilnius | Vilniaus Šv. Dvasios bažnyčia | Kościół Świętego Ducha w Wilnie | Церковь Святого Духа в Вильнюсе

SAINTS JOHN, ANTHONY AND EUSTATHIUS

The Church of the Holy Spirit is particularly revered as the resting place of the Martyrs of Vilnius — Saints John, Anthony, and Eustathius. According to tradition, these three men served as courtiers at the court of Grand Duke Algirdas of Lithuania.

In the 14th century, when Grand Duke Algirdas ruled Lithuania, the country was officially pagan. However, Algirdas was married to a Christian princess — Princess Juliana (or Maria), who was Orthodox and came from Novgorod or the Rus lands. Thanks to this union, there was a degree of tolerance towards Orthodoxy at the ducal court, at least in private life. It was in this environment that a number of courtiers, including John, Anthony, and Eustathius, came into contact with Orthodox Christianity. They grew interested in the new faith and were baptised most likely under the influence of the Grand Duchess’s entourage or the Orthodox clergy present at the court.

Although Algirdas was personally tolerant of different religions, Lithuania as a state remained formally pagan. When these three courtiers converted to Orthodox Christianity, they broke the official religious norm at court. This act was perceived as a threat to the unity and security of the pagan state, rather than merely a personal religious choice. Consequently, they were pressured to revert to paganism. Their refusal to abandon their new faith led to their execution around the year 1347. The martyrs’ bodies were buried at or near the place of their execution, and were soon venerated by the faithful.

With the consolidation of Christianity in Lithuania after 1387 and the growth of the Orthodox community in Vilnius, the relics were transferred to the city’s main Orthodox church — the Church of the Holy Spirit. The final translation of the relics occurred in 1581, when they were placed in a special chapel within the Church of the Holy Spirit, inside an ornate reliquary. Despite numerous upheavals — the partitions of Poland, Tsarist rule, and the Soviet era — the relics have survived. Today they are enshrined in a display case at the centre of the sanctuary. The relics are draped in vestments of different colours according to the liturgical calendar: black during Lent, white at Christmas, and red on major feast days, reflecting the solemn or festive nature of each liturgical season.

The Holy Spirit Church of Vilnius | Vilniaus Šv. Dvasios bažnyčia | Kościół Świętego Ducha w Wilnie | Церковь Святого Духа в Вильнюсе

NEVER BELONGED TO UNIATE CHURCH

Another significant historical aspect of the Church of the Holy Spirit is that, unlike many other Orthodox churches in this region, it was never handed over to the Uniate Church (Greek Catholic Church). To understand the importance of this, we must delve deeper into the religious history of this part of Europe. In 1569, the union was concluded between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, creating a single state — the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth — which also encompassed vast territories of what is now Ukraine, Belarus, and parts of Latvia.

Poland had adopted Catholicism as early as 966, when Duke Mieszko I was baptised along with his court according to the Latin rite (Roman Catholicism). This was a deliberate political move: Poland chose to align itself with Western Christianity (Latin culture, Rome) rather than the Eastern Orthodox Christianity (Byzantine culture, Byzantium, Eastern rite). From that moment, Poland remained a Catholic country, although other denominations (such as Protestantism in the 16th century) later appeared.

Lithuania, in contrast, was the last pagan state in Europe and did not officially embrace Christianity until 1387. However, even before its official baptism, Lithuania controlled vast Ruthenian territories (modern-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Russia), where the population had been Orthodox Christian since the 11th century. Thus, while ethnic Lithuania (the Baltic tribes) remained pagan, many of its subjects in the eastern lands were already Orthodox.

The fusion of these traditions was sealed when Grand Duke Jogaila (later Władysław Jagiełło) accepted Catholicism in 1386 to marry Queen Jadwiga of Poland, subsequently becoming King of Poland. In 1387, he baptised the ethnic Lithuanians according to the Latin rite. As a result, the Lithuanian elites and ethnic Lithuanians became Catholic, while the eastern regions of the Grand Duchy (what is now Belarus and Ukraine) remained Orthodox.

In 1596, following the establishment of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (a deeper union between Poland and Lithuania), a portion of the Orthodox bishops accepted the authority of the Pope, creating the Greek Catholic (or Uniate) Church. A widespread effort began to subordinate Orthodox communities to this new ecclesiastical structure, often through administrative and political pressure. Many Orthodox churches, especially in towns and villages, were converted to the Uniate Church, losing their original affiliation. However, the Church of the Holy Spirit, as one of the main centres of Orthodoxy in Vilnius, successfully resisted these pressures and retained its unbroken affiliation with the Orthodox Church.

Today, the Holy Spirit Church remains the principal Orthodox church in Lithuania and maintains close ties with the adjacent Orthodox Monasteries of the Holy Spirit and Saint Mary Magdalene. The church serves as the Metropolitan Cathedral.