In many of my recent posts, I focus on regions in North-Eastern Poland and the Baltic States, also referring to their history. In the Middle Ages they were – at least partially – controlled by the Teutonic Order, who engaged into military conflicts with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This conflict ended with one of the largest and most significant battles in the history of Eastern Europe – the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), fought on July 15, 1410. The allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland (formerely Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania) and Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas fought against the Teutonic Knights commanded by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen.

Jogaila and Vytautas were cousins. Their fathers Algirdas and Kęstutis respectively were brothers, sons of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. In younger years the relationship between Jogaila and Vytautas was marked by power struggles. Vytautas challenged Jogaila’s authority in Lithuania. But in 1385. Jogaila accepted Christianity, married Queen Jadwiga of Poland, and was crowned as King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland. Vytautas was granted the title of Grand Duke of Lithuania under the suzerainty of Władysław II Jagiełło. This way their familiar conflict over throne was solved and a strong alliance was formed that strengthened their hold against the Teutonic Order.

The battle of Grunwald took place on the territory of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, present-day Poland. The battle was massive in scale, involving around 50,000 to 60,000 troops in total. The Polish-Lithuanian forces, though outnumbered, were better coordinated and employed a mix of heavy cavalry and tactical infantry maneuvers. The Teutonic Knights, renowned for their heavy cavalry, were initially successful. But the Lithuanian forces had feigned a retreat and later returned to the battlefield. This move caused confusion and disarray among the Teutonic ranks. The Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Ulrich von Jungingen, was killed, leading to a collapse in the order’s morale and command structure. The Battle of Grunwald was a decisive victory for the Polish-Lithuanian alliance and marked the beginning of the decline of the Teutonic Order’s power in the region.

Currently, each year, on the former battlefield, a reconstruction of the Battle of Grunwald is organized, attracting reenactors not only from Poland, Lithuania, and Germany, but also from many other European countries.

Post Scriptum: there is also a link between this post and a post I wrote a few days ago on Bona Sforza. King Władysław II Jagiełło established the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland. Bona Sforza was married to one of his descendants, and was mother to the last king of Jagiellonian dynasty.